3 ^^PROGRAMMING SPECIFICATIONS\\
\r
9 ^^PDP-10 DECTAPE BOOTSTRAP\\
\r
15 ^FILE:##^^DTBOOT.RNO\\
\r
22 ^THIS DOCUMENT DESCRIBES THE SOFTWARE AS OF ^VERSION#2.
\r
24 ^THE INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT
\r
25 NOTICE AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUED AS A COMMITMENT BY ^DIGITAL
\r
26 ^EQUIPMENT ^CORPORATION.
\r
28 ^ACTUAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOFTWARE DESCRIBED IN THIS SPECIFICATION
\r
29 WILL BE SUBJECT TO TERM
\0S AND CONDITIONS TO BE ANNOUNCED AT SOME
\r
30 FUTURE DATE BY ^DIGITAL ^EQUIPMENT ^CORPORATION.
\r
36 ^^TABLE OF CONTENTS\\
\r
44 1.0 ^PURPOSE OF ^^DTBOOT\\ 3
\r
45 2.0 ^COMMANDS TO ^^DTBOOT\\ 3
\r
47 4.0 ^COMPARISON WITH ^^TENDMP\\ 6
\r
48 5.0 ^COMPATIBILITY WITH ^^TOPS10\\ ^MONITOR 6
\r
49 6.0 ^ASSEMBLY AND ^^READIN\\ OF ^^DTBOOT\\ 7
\r
51 ^APPENDIX - ^^DTBOOT\\ ^SUMMARY FOR ^OPERATORS 8
\r
56 \f1.0##^^PURPOSE OF DTBOOT\\
\r
58 ^^DTBOOT\\ IS A BOOTSTRAP PROGRAM INTENDED TO TRANSFER PROGRAMS BETWEEN
\r
59 ^^PDP-10\\ CORE STORAGE AND STANDARD FORMAT ^^PDP-10 DEC\\TAPE FILES,
\r
60 AND TO PERFORM OTHER UTILITY FUNCTIONS WITH SUCH ^D^E^CTAPES.
\r
62 ^^DTBOOT\\ REQUIRES A ^^PDP-10\\ CENTRAL PROCESSOR AND CORE MEMORY,
\r
63 THE ^^PDP-10\\'S CONSOLE TYPEWRITER, A ^^TD10 DEC\\TAPE CONTROL, AND
\r
64 AT LEAST ONE ^^DEC\\TAPE TRANSPORT. ^^DTBOOT\\ CAN BE ASSEMBLED FOR
\r
67 ^^DTBOOT\\ IS PRIMARILY INTENDED TO LOAD AND RUN EXECUTIVE MODE PROGRAMS
\r
68 (MONITORS, DIAGNOSTICS) FROM ^^DEC\\TAPE. ^THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS
\r
73 1.##^CLEAR CORE, LOAD A PROGRAM, AND START IT.
\r
76 2.##^LOAD A PROGRAM WITHOUT CLEARING OTHER CORE AREAS.
\r
79 3.##^CLEAR CORE, LOAD A PROGRAM, BUT DO NOT START IT.
\r
82 4.##^TYPE OUT A SHORT FORM OF THE ^^DEC\\TAPE'S DIRECTORY.
\r
85 5.##^DELETE A FILE FROM THE ^^DEC\\TAPE.
\r
88 6.##^INITIALIZE AN EMPTY TAPE DIRECTORY, EITHER RETAINING ITS EXISTING
\r
89 TAPE IDENTIFIER WORD OR SUPPLYING A NEW ONE.
\r
92 6.##^DECLARE A STARTING ADDRESS TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH A PROGRAM TO BE
\r
96 8.##^DUMP CORE ONTO A ^^DEC\\TAPE FILE.
\r
99 9.##^GO TO THE CURRENT STARTING ADDRESS.
\r
103 ^A SIMPLE COMMAND STRING, WITH HANDY DEFAULTS, IS TYPED BY THE OPERATOR
\r
104 TO CONTROL ^^DTBOOT\\.
\r
106 2.0##^^COMMANDS TO DTBOOT\\
\r
108 ^THE COMMANDS FOR ^^DTBOOT\\ ARE BEST DESCRIBED BY SHOWING THE LONGEST
\r
109 FORM AND THEN SHOWING THE SIMPLIFICATIONS PROVIDED.
\r
111 ^THE FULL COMMAND TO LOAD THE FILE ^^TOPS10.SAV\\ FROM ^^DEC\\TAPE
\r
115 ^^DTA3:TOPS10.SAV/L\\
\r
117 ^THE COMMAND TERMINATOR MAY BE CARRIAGE RETURN, OR ANY OTHER CONTROL
\r
118 CHARACTER OR ^^ALTMODE.\\
\r
120 ^THE UNIT SPECIFIER ^^DTA3:\\ IS ACTUALLY EXAMINED ONLY FOR NUMERIC
\r
121 CHARACTERS, SO IT CAN BE ABBREVIATED TO SIMPLY 3:. ^IF A SERIES OF
\r
122 COMMANDS IS PERFORMED ADDRESSING THE SAME UNIT, THE UNIT SPECIFIER
\r
123 CAN BE OMITTED ON SUCCESSIVE COMMANDS (UNLESS AN ERROR HAS OCCURRED,
\r
124 CAUSING A ^^BELL\\ TYPEOUT).
\r
126 ^THE FILE EXTENSION IS ASSUMED TO BE .^^SAV\\ UNLESS SPECIFIED
\r
127 OTHERWISE, AND CAN THUS BE OMITTED IN THE USUAL CASE. ^A BLANK
\r
128 EXTENSION CAN BE SPECIFIED BY TYPING JUST THE PERIOD; E.G.,
\r
131 ^THE FILENAME CAN BE OMITTED, AND WILL THEN BE DEFAULTED ACCORDING TO
\r
132 THE FOLLOWING RULES:
\r
136 1.##^FOR THE TAPE-WRITING COMMAND, THE FILE NAME ^^CRASH\\
\r
140 2.##^FOR TAPE READING, IF EXACTLY ONE FILE EXISTS ON THE TAPE WITH
\r
141 THE EXTENSION .^S^A^V, THAT FILE'S NAME IS ASSUMED. ^OTHERWISE,
\r
142 THE FILE NAME ^^SYSTEM\\ IS ASSUMED.
\r
145 ^THE PARTICULAR ACTION TO BE PERFORMED BY ^^DTBOOT\\ IS SELECTED BY
\r
146 A SWITCH, WHICH IS AN OCTAL NUMBER OR SINGLE LETTER THAT FOLLOWS A
\r
147 SLASH (/) AT THE END OF THE COMMAND. ^IN THE FIRST EXAMPLE ABOVE,
\r
148 THE ^L IS THE COMMAND SWITCH, MEANING ^LOAD THE PROGRAM INTO CORE
\r
151 ^THE MOST COMMON FUNCTION OF ^^DTBOOT\\ IS TO LOAD AND START A PROGRAM
\r
152 (E.G., THE TIMESHARING SYSTEM), AND THIS ACTION IS THE DEFAULT IF NO
\r
153 SWITCH IS TYPED AT ALL.
\r
155 ^THE NON-BLANK SWITCHES, AND THE ACTIONS THEY CAUSE, ARE AS FOLLOWS:
\r
159 /^L##^CLEAR CORE, LOAD THE PROGRAM FROM TAPE, AND SET THE STARTING
\r
160 ADDRESS FROM THE TAPE.
\r
163 /^M##^SAME AS /^L, BUT DO NOT CLEAR CORE FIRST, I.E., MERGE THE FILE
\r
167 /N##(WHERE N IS AN OCTAL NUMBER) ^SET THE STARTING ADDRESS TO N.
\r
170 /^D##^DUMP CORE ON TAPE WITH THE CURRENT STARTING ADDRESS.
\r
173 /^F##^TYPE THE FILE DIRECTORY.
\r
176 /^K##^KILL (DELETE) THE SPECIFIED FILE FROM THE TAPE.
\r
179 /^Z##^ZERO THE DIRECTORY OF THE TAPE. ^TO SET THE TAPE
\r
180 IDENTIFIER TO ^^TAPE99\\, FOR INSTANCE, TYPE 3:_^^^TAPE99/Z\\.
\r
181 ^THE UPARROW PRECEDES THE TAPE IDENTIFIER, AS IN ^^FILEX\\.
\r
184 ^OBVIOUSLY, NOT ALL OF THESE COMMANDS REQUIRE ALL ARGUMENTS. ^FOR
\r
185 EXAMPLE, A FILENAME WOULD BE IGNORED WITH THE /^Z COMMAND.
\r
189 ^^DEC\\TAPES READ AND WRITTEN BY ^^DTBOOT\\ ARE ENTIRELY COMPATIBLE
\r
190 WITH THE ^^TOPS\\10 MONITOR SYSTEM, AND ARE FULLY DESCRIBED IN THE
\r
191 ^^TOPS\\10 DOCUMENTATION. ^THIS SECTION IS PROVIDED AS A SUMMARY
\r
194 ^^DEC\\TAPE DIRECTORY INFORMATION OCCUPIES BLOCK 144 (OCTAL) OF THE
\r
195 TAPE. ^WORDS 0 THROUGH 122 CONTAIN 1105 BYTES DESCRIBING THE ALLOCATION
\r
196 OF BLOCKS 1 THROUGH 1101 OF THE TAPE. ^BLOCKS 1, 2, AND 144 ARE
\r
197 ALLOCATED AS OVERHEAD, BLOCKS 1102 THROUGH 1105 ARE ALLOCATED AS
\r
198 NON-EXISTENT. ^THE REMAINING BLOCKS CONTAIN FILE INFORMATION (OR ARE
\r
199 FREE). ^WORDS 123 THROUGH 150 OF THE DIRECTORY CONTAIN FILENAMES.
\r
200 ^WORDS 151 THROUGH 176 CONTAIN THE CORRESPONDING FILE EXTENSIONS
\r
201 AND DATES. (^DATE FIELDS OF FILES WRITTEN BY ^^DTBOOT\\ ARE ZERO.)
\r
202 ^WORD 177 CONTAINS THE (OPTIONAL) TAPE IDENTIFIER.
\r
204 ^IN EACH DATA BLOCK, WORD ZERO IS THE LINK WORD, ALLOCATED AS
\r
205 FOLLOWS: BITS 00-17 ARE THE LINK TO THE NEXT DATA BLOCK OF THE FILE
\r
206 (ZERO DENOTING NO NEXT BLOCK); BITS 18-27 CONTAIN THE BLOCK NUMBER OF
\r
207 THE FIRST DATA BLOCK OF THIS FILE, AND BITS 29-35 CONTAIN A WORD
\r
208 COUNT OF THE DATA WORDS IN THE REMAINDER OF THIS BLOCK.
\r
210 ^A SAVED CORE IMAGE, AS WRITTEN BY ^^DTBOOT\\ (OR ^^TOPS\\10),
\r
211 CONSISTS OF BLOCKS OF DATA PRECEDED BY A POINTER WORD (MINUS-COUNT
\r
212 IN THE LEFT HALF, ADDRESS-1 IN THE RIGHT HALF). ^A POSITIVE WORD IN
\r
213 THE PLACE OF A POINTER WORD SIGNIFIES THE END OF THE CORE-IMAGE.
\r
214 ^THE RIGHT HALF OF THIS WORD IS THE STARTING ADDRESS OF THE SAVED
\r
215 PROGRAM. ^THE LEFT HALF USUALLY CONTAINS THE MACHINE INSTRUCTION
\r
216 ^^JRST\\ WHICH IS, IN FACT, A POSITIVE NUMBER. ^THIS IS THE METHOD
\r
219 ^BLOCKS OF A GIVEN FILE MAY BE IN ANY ORDER ON THE TAPE. ^WHEN
\r
220 WRITTEN BY ^^DTBOOT\\ (AND THE ^^SAVE\\ COMMAND OF ^^TOPS10\\), THE
\r
221 ALLOCATION IS AS FOLLOWS: ^THE LOWEST NUMBERED BLOCK AVAILABLE FOR
\r
222 USE IS ALLOCATED FIRST. (^THIS WAS A REQUIREMENT OF ^^TENDMP,\\ BUT
\r
223 IS OPTIONAL FOR ^^DTBOOT\\.)
\r
225 ^SUCCEEDING BLOCKS ARE ALLOCATED WITH AT LEAST ONE INTERVENING BLOCK
\r
226 (WHETHER FREE OR OTHERWISE USED) BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE BLOCKS OF A FILE.
\r
227 ^IF REQUIRED, THE SAME PROCEDURE IS USED TO ALLOCATE BLOCKS IN THE
\r
228 REVERSE DIRECTION, STARTING AT BLOCK 1101, SHOULD THE FILE BE LONG
\r
229 ENOUGH TO REACH THAT END OF THE TAPE, AND ANY SKIPPED BLOCKS BECOME
\r
230 USED ON THE REVERSE PASS. ^^DTBOOT\\ IS CAPABLE OF EFFICIENTLY READING
\r
231 AND WRITING FILES ALLOCATED IN THIS MANNER.
\r
234 4.0##^^COMPARISON WITH TENDMP\\
\r
236 ^IT IS INTENDED THAT ^^DTBOOT\\ SUPERSEDE ^^TENDMP\\. ^THE ONLY
\r
237 ADVANTAGES ^^TENDMP\\ HOLDS OVER ^^DTBOOT\\ ARE THAT ^^TENDMP\\ IS
\r
238 SMALLER THAN ^^DTBOOT\\, AND THAT ^^TENDMP\\ MAY BE CALLED AS A
\r
239 SUBROUTINE, WITHOUT TYPED COMMANDS. ^^DTBOOT\\ LACKS THIS FACILITY.
\r
240 ^^TENDMP\\ WILL REMAIN AVAILABLE FOR THE RARE CASES WHERE THESE
\r
241 ADVANTAGES REQUIRE ITS USE.
\r
243 ^THE ADVANTAGES ^^DTBOOT\\ HOLDS OVER ^^TENDMP\\ INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:
\r
247 1.##^FIRST AND MOST IMPORTANTLY, THE ABILITY TO READ .^^SAV\\ FILES
\r
248 WRITTEN BY ^^TOPS\\10 WHICH ARE LONG ENOUGH TO "TURN AROUND",
\r
249 I.E., WHICH HAVE ALLOCATION IN BOTH FORWARD AND BACKWARD DIRECTION.
\r
252 2.##^WRITING FILES WHICH CAN BE READ EFFICIENTLY BY ^^TOPS10\\,
\r
253 WITHOUT FREQUENT TAPE ROCKING DUE TO ALLOCATION OF CONSECUTIVE BLOCKS
\r
254 BY ^^TENDMP\\. (^IN FACT, ^^DTBOOT\\ HAS THE SAME DIFFICULTY READING
\r
255 ^^TENDMP\\ FILES AS ^^TOPS10\\ DOES.)
\r
258 3.##^MORE COMPLETE ^^DEC\\TAPE CONTROL HANDLING; THE ABILITY TO TURN
\r
259 AROUND FROM END-ZONE FLAGS.
\r
262 4.##^MORE NEARLY STANDARD COMMAND STRINGS.
\r
265 5.##^USEFUL DEFAULTS.
\r
268 6.##^ABILITY TO SET TAPE-IDENTIFIER WORDS.
\r
271 5.0##^^COMPATIBILITY WITH TOPS10 MONITOR\\
\r
273 ^THERE ARE NO KNOWN INCOMPATIBILITIES WITH ^^TOPS10\\, ASIDE
\r
274 FROM THE FAILURE OF ^^DTBOOT\\ TO PROVIDE DATES ON OUTPUT FILES.
\r
276 6.0##^^ASSEMBLY AND READIN OF DTBOOT\\
\r
278 ^AS WITH ^^TENDMP\\ AND ^^BOOTS, DTBOOT\\ IS ASSEMBLED BY ^^MACRO-10\\
\r
279 FROM A SINGLE SOURCE FILE ONTO A PAPER TAPE.
\r
281 ^^DTBOOT\\ RESIDES AT THE TOP OF USER CORE, AND THUS MUST BE ASSEMBLED
\r
282 FOR THE PROPER MEMORY SIZE. ^THE DEFAULT IS FOR A 64^K SYSTEM. ^THE
\r
283 PARAMETER ^^CORE\\ CAN BE SET TO THE NUMBER OF WORDS OF MEMORY
\r
284 TO PRODUCE ANOTHER SIZE OF ^^DTBOOT\\.
\r
286 ^TO ASSEMBLE 64^K ^^DTBOOT\\, TYPE THE ^^MACRO\\ COMMAND STRING:
\r
289 *^^PTP:__\\DEV:^^DTBOOT\\
\r
291 WHERE DEV IS THE DEVICE CONTAINING THE SOURCE FILE OF ^^DTBOOT\\.
\r
293 ^TO ASSEMBLE 48^K ^^DTBOOT\\, FOR EXAMPLE, TYPE:
\r
298 *^^PTP:__TTY:,\\DEV:^^DTBOOT\\
\r
299 ^^CORE\\=140000#####;^^ASSEMBLE FOR 48K
\r
306 ^^DTBOOT\\ IS IN ^^RIM10B\\ FORMAT WHEN ON PAPER TAPE, AND IS LOADED
\r
307 VIA ^^READIN\\ AT THE ^^PDP-10\\ CONSOLE.
\r
309 ^THE STARTING ADDRESS OF ^^DTBOOT\\ IS 1000 OCTAL LESS THAN ^^CORE\\.
\r
310 ^THUS, 64^K ^^DTBOOT\\ STARTS AT 177000.
\r
312 ^THERE ARE THREE BLOCKS (0, 1, 2) AVAILABLE FOR A BOOTSTRAP AT THE BEGINNING
\r
313 OF A ^^PDP-10\\ ^^DEC\\TAPE. ^THESE 600 OCTAL WORDS, MINUS A READIN
\r
314 POINTER AND A START WORD, LEAVE 576 OCTAL FOR THE BOOTSTRAP. ^AT
\r
315 PRESENT (VERSION 2 OF ^^DTBOOT\\), ^^DTBOOT\\ IS 575 WORDS LONG, AND
\r
316 IS INTENDED TO BE STORED ON ^^DEC\\TAPE IN THIS AREA. ^AS YET, THE
\r
317 MEANS FOR WRITING ^^DTBOOT\\ ONTO A ^^DEC\\TAPE'S BOOTSTRAP AREA
\r
318 ARE NOT YET AVAILABLE.
\r
321 ^^APPENDIX##DTBOOT SUMMARY FOR OPERATORS\\
\r
323 ^^DTBOOT\\ IS LOADED FROM PAPER TAPE VIA THE ^^READIN\\ SWITCH ON
\r
324 THE ^^PDP-10\\. ^^DTBOOT\\ STARTS AT 77000(32^K), 137000(48^K),
\r
325 177000(64^K), 237000(80^K), ETC.
\r
330 ^^DTA3\\:NAME.EXT/^L OR 3:NAME.EXT/^L
\r
337 NONE = LOAD AND START PROGRAM
\r
338 /^L = LOAD, SET STARTING ADDRESS, DO ^^NOT\\ START
\r
339 /^M = MERGE (LOAD WITHOUT CLEARING CORE FIRST)
\r
340 /NUMBER = SET STARTING ADDRESS TO NUMBER (OCTAL)
\r
341 /^D = DUMP CORE AND STARTING ADDRESS ON TAPE
\r
342 /^F = TYPE FILE DIRECTORY
\r
343 /^K = KILL (DELETE) FILE
\r
344 /^G = GO TO STARTING ADDRESS
\r
345 /^Z = ZERO THE TAPE DIRECTORY (3:TAPEID/^Z SETS ^^ID\\)
\r
349 DEV:, INITIALLY ^^DTA0\\:. ^OTHERWISE, SAME AS ON PREVIOUS
\r
350 COMMAND (UNLESS THE BELL WAS RUNG).
\r
352 NAME=^^CRASH\\ FOR /^D. ^OTHERWISE, IF ONLY ONE .^^SAV\\ FILE ON
\r
353 TAPE, USE ITS NAME. ^IF MORE THAN ONE .^^SAV\\ FILE, USE
\r
354 ^^SYSTEM\\, UNLESS SPECIFIED.
\r
356 EXT = .^^SAV\\ UNLESS SPECIFIED.
\r
360 ^THE BELL WILL BE RUNG IF ANY ERROR OCCURS. ^POSSIBLE ERRORS
\r
361 ARE: TAPE UNIT NOT IN REMOTE, NOT EXACTLY ONE UNIT DIALED AS
\r
362 DEV:, PARITY ERROR ON TAPE, REQUESTED FILE NOT IN DIRECTORY
\r
363 (TRY /^F), OR TAPE FILLED UP WHILE WRITING OUT (/^D).
\r
git://git.sky-visions.com / retro-software/dec/tops10/v4.5.git / blob